Waist circumference percentile curves as a screening tool to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome risk in Brazilian children.

The goals of this study were to develop reference values for waist circumference (WC) in Brazilian children between 6-10 years old and to evaluate the WC performance in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. This is a population-based epidemiological cross-sectional study, in which 1,397 children participated, with a 6-10 years old probability sampling and from public and private schools in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. WC was measured at the waist narrowest point (WC1) and at the umbilicus level (WC2). Blood samples and blood pressure were collected to determine the MetS diagnosis. There was a significant effect of age (p = 0.001), anatomical point (WC1 vs. WC2, p = 0.001) and sex-anatomical point interaction (p = 0.016) for WC. Smoothed sex- and age-specific 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentile curves of WC1 and WC2 were designed by the LMS method. WC was accurate to predict MetS, for all ages [area under the ROC curve (AUC) > 0.79 and p < 0.05], regardless of sex. This study presented percentile curves for WC at two anatomical points in a representative sample of Brazilian children. Furthermore, WC was shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MetS in children.

Waist circumference percentile curves as a screening tool to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome risk in Brazilian children / Curvas de percentis do perímetro de cintura como ferramenta de rastreamento para predizer fatores de risco cardiovasculares e risco de síndrome metabólica em crianças brasileiras / Curvas de percentil de circunferencia de cintura como herramienta de detección para predecir factores de riesgo cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en niños brasileños

The goals of this study were to develop reference values for waist circumference (WC) in Brazilian children between 6-10 years old and to evaluate the WC performance in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. This is a population-based epidemiological cross-sectional study, in which 1,397 children participated, with a 6-10 years old probability sampling and from public and private schools in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. WC was measured at the waist narrowest point (WC1) and at the umbilicus level (WC2). Blood samples and blood pressure were collected to determine the MetS diagnosis. There was a significant effect of age (p = 0.001), anatomical point (WC1 vs. WC2, p = 0.001) and sex-anatomical point interaction (p = 0.016) for WC. Smoothed sex- and age-specific 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentile curves of WC1 and WC2 were designed by the LMS method. WC was accurate to predict MetS, for all ages [area under the ROC curve (AUC) > 0.79 and p < 0.05], regardless of sex. This study presented percentile curves for WC at two anatomical points in a representative sample of Brazilian children. Furthermore, WC was shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MetS in children.

O estudo teve como objetivos desenvolver valores de referência para perímetro de cintura (PC) em crianças brasileiras entre 6 e 10 anos de idade e avaliar o desempenho da PC na predição de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e de síndrome metabólica (SM) em crianças. O estudo epidemiológico transversal de base populacional incluiu 1.397 crianças entre 6 e 10 anos de idade, através de amostragem probabilística em escolas públicas e privadas em Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A PC era medida no ponto mais estreito da cintura (PC1) e ao nível do umbigo (PC2). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e medidas de pressão arterial para determinar o diagnóstico de SM. Os seguintes fatores mostram associação significativa com PC: idade (p = 0,001), ponto anatômico (PC1 vs. PC2, p = 0,001) e interação sexo/ponto anatômico (p = 0,016). O método LMS foi utilizado para desenhar as curvas suavizadas específicas para sexo e idade, dos percentis 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 e 95. A PC mostrou-se acurada para a predição de SM, para todas as idades [área sob a curva ROC (AUC) > 0,79 e p < 0,05], independente de sexo. Conclusão: o estudo apresentou curvas de percentis de PC em dois pontos anatómicos em uma amostra representativa de crianças brasileiras. Além disso, a PC mostrou ser forte preditor de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e SM em crianças.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron desarrollar valores de referencia para la circunferencia de cintura (WC por sus siglas en inglés), en niños brasileños entre 6-10 años de edad, y evaluar los resultados de WC para predecir factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y síndrome metabólico (MetS) en niños. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico transversal, basado en población, en el que participaron 1.397 niños, de 6 a 10 años de edad con muestreo probabilístico, procedentes de escuelas públicas y privadas en la ciudad de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. WC fue medido en el punto de cintura más estrecho (WC1) y al nivel del ombligo (WC2). Las muestras de sangre y presión arterial se recogieron para determinar el diagnóstico de MetS. Había un significativo efecto de la edad (p = 0.001), punto anatómico (WC1 vs. WC2, p = 0.001) y punto de interacción sexo-anatómico (p = 0.016) para el WC. Sexo uniforme y edad específica 5º, 10º, 25º, 50º, 75º, 90º y 95º curvas de percentil de WC1 y WC2 fueron diseñados mediante el método LMS. WC fue exacto para predecir MetS en todas las edades [área bajo la curva ROC (AUC) > 0.79 y p < 0.05], independientemente del sexo. Conclusión: este estudio presentó un percentil de curvas para WC en dos puntos anatómicos en una muestra representativa de niños brasileños. Asimismo, la WC se mostró como un fuerte predictor de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y MetS en niños.

Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in 6-10-year-old children

Abstract Aims: to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and associated risk factors in children. Methods: a total of 1,480 Brazilian children aged 6-10 years old (52.2% girls) participated in this population-based, epidemiological cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria were children born between the years 2001 and 2006, of both sexes, who did not use remedy, were not on a calorie restriction diet, and who respected the 12-hour fast for blood collection. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood collection, and completion of the Previous Day Food Questionnaire and interview using a Physical Activity List were held at school. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on socioeconomic status and lifestyle habits of their child. Chi-square test compared proportions and factors associated with MetS were identified using Poisson Regression. Results: Girls had significantly higher MetS prevalence compared with boys (12.6% vs. 8.5%, p=0.046). After multivariable analysis, body fat percentage (p=0.001), fat mass (p<0.001), lean body mass (p< 0.001) and sedentary behavior (p= 0.050) were positively associated with MetS. Conclusions: Modifiable factors such as body fat percentage, fat mass, lean body mass and sedentary behavior were associated with MetS in children. Thus, interventions targeted for weight management, and adopting healthy habits such as reducing time in front of TV/computer/video game need to be part of the lifestyle of children.(AU)

Association between triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular risk factors among elderly persons receiving care under the family health strategy of Viçosa, Minas Gerais / Associação entre razão Triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol e fatores de risco cardiovascular em idosos atendidos na estratégia saúde da família de Viçosa, MG

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio and cardiovascular risk factors among the elderly. Method: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a random sample of elderly persons (n=349) of both genders, who received care under the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais, was performed. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by the relationship between the TG and the HDL-c levels, with values greater than 3.5 considered a risk. Social and economic variables, lifestyle, noncommunicable chronic diseases, serum glucose levels, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index were evaluated. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the TG/HDL-c ratio and other variables. Variables associated with the dependent variable with a level of significance lower than 0.20 in univariate regression analysis were included in the final model (stepwise-forward), applying a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The highest TG/HDL-c ratio values were associated with the presence of hypertension, having been or currently be a smoker, having elevated serum glucose and an increased waist circumference. Conclusion: The findings reflect the importance of studies on cardiovascular risk in the elderly, as health professionals should be familiar with the parameters that classify at risk individuals. The TG/HDL-c ratio is a reliable classification method that is easy to apply and correlates closely with adverse health effects. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre razão Triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-c) e fatores de risco cardiovascular em idosos. Método: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, com amostra probabilística de idosos (n=349), de ambos os sexos, atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Viçosa, MG. O risco cardiovascular foi calculado pela relação entre os níveis de TG sobre os níveis de HDL-c, sendo considerado em risco um valor maior que 3,5. Foram investigadas variáveis sociais e econômicas de estilo de vida, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, níveis séricos de glicose, circunferência da cintura (CC) e índice de massa corporal. Para avaliar a associação entre a razão TG/HDL-c e as demais variáveis, foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla. As variáveis que se associaram à variável dependente com nível de significância menor que 0,20, na análise de regressão univariada, foram incluídas no modelo final (Stepwise-forward), adotando-se nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Os maiores valores da razão TG/HDL-c associaram-se com a presença da hipertensão arterial, ter sido ou ser fumante, apresentar elevados níveis séricos de glicose e possuir maior CC. Conclusão: Os achados refletem a importância de estudos sobre risco cardiovascular em idosos, devendo os profissionais da área da saúde ter familiaridade com os parâmetros que classificam os indivíduos com risco cardiovascular, sendo a razão TG/HDL-c um método confiável, com fácil aplicabilidade e boa correlação com efeitos adversos à saúde. AU

Waist circumference percentile in children from municipalities of developed and developing countries

Abstract Aims: to design reference percentile curves of waist circumference (WC) in children aged 6-10 from municipalities of developed (Portugal) and developing (Brazil) countries and to compare these results with other international references. Methods: this cross-sectional study enrolled a 6-10-year-old probability sampling. Univariate analysis of covariance adjusted by height was carried out to test the main effects of age, sex, countries, and interactions. WC percentile curves were performed with the LMS Chart Maker. Results: The sample comprised 6,475 children. Portuguese children presented a curvilinear increase in WC curves and Brazilian WC curves have shown a linear increase with age both for boys and girls. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 15.9 % and 4.7 % for Portuguese children and 12.9 % 4.5% for Brazilian children, respectively. There was a main effect (p<0.0001) for age and countries, and an interaction effect for sex*age (p=0.001) and countries*age (p<0.0001). Portuguese boys and girls have shown higher values for the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles than Brazilian boys and girls. Conclusions: WC reference percentile curves were drawn for 6-10-year-old Portuguese and Brazilian children. Portuguese children have higher WC values than Brazilian children and other children from developed countries.

Prevalence and factors associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly from Viçosa/MG, Brasil / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la deficiencia de vitamina B12 en ancianos de Viçosa/mg, Brasil

The prevalence of vitamin B12 nutritional deficiency increases with age and it is particularly common in elderly people. The objective this study was determining its prevalence and the factors associated with this condition in non-institutionalized elderly from Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in order to identify the prevalence and the factors associated with vitamin B12 deficiency among the elderly population in Viçosa (MG). Data were collected from August 2011 to June 2012, by means of a household survey and hematological and biochemical tests performed in 340 elderly. Results: the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in this group was 17.4% (95% CI, 13.4% - 21.4%). Cognitive impairment appears to be an important factor related to vitamin B12 deficiency. Conclusions: the current paper contributes to studies that emphasize some factors that may affect elderly performance in their natural aging process, especially when these factors are associated with cognitive impairment and lead to significant disability and loss of quality of life. Thus, the herein presented results were able to provide more comprehensive knowledge on the relation between B12 deficiency and its impact on this population. They also proved to be relevant for planning public health programs and initiatives that target on this age group (AU)

La prevalencia de deficiencia nutricional de vitamina B12 aumenta con la edad y es especialmente común en la población mayor. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en determinar su prevalencia y los factores asociados a esta carencia en mayores no institucionalizados de Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: estudio poblacional interseccional, realizado para identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a deficiencia de vitamina B12 entre la población de mayores en Viçosa (MG). Los datos fueron recopilados desde agosto de 2011 hasta junio de 2012 mediante una encuesta en los hogares y pruebas hematológicas y bioquímicas realizadas en 340 mayores. Resultados: la prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina B12 en este grupo fue del 17,4% (95% CI, 13,4% - 21,4%). La deficiencia cognitiva se presenta como un factor importante relacionado con la deficiencia de vitamina B12. Conclusiones: el informe actual contribuye a los estudios que destacan ciertos factores que podrían afectar al rendimiento de las personas mayores en su proceso de envejecimiento natural, especialmente cuando estos factores están asociados con deficiencia cognitiva y dan lugar a una discapacidad significativa así como pérdida de calidad de vida. Así, los resultados aquí presentados han servido para aportar un conocimiento más comprensivo sobre la relación entre deficiencia de B12 y su impacto sobre este grupo de población. También han demostrado su relevancia de cara a la planificación de programas e iniciativas de salud pública centrados en este grupo de población (AU)

Lipid profile and associated factors among elderly people, attended at the Family Health Strategy, Viçosa/MG / Perfil lipídico y factores asociados en los ancianos atendidos en la estrategia de Salud de La Familia, Viçosa/MG

Background: the aging population has been accompanied by epidemiological changes of the Brazilian population, with the highlight being the continued growth of the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases especially cardiovascular or artery-coronary, resulting from changes in the lipid profile of the elderly. Objective: this study had the aim to describe the behavioral, anthropometric, lifestyle and body composition factors and their association with changes in the lipid profile of elderly people. Methodology: the sample included 402 participants attended at the Family Health Strategy, Viçosa (MG), to which a questionnaire with socio-demographic, behavioral and lifestyle information was applied. Blood sample was collected to obtain the lipid fractions, and the weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage were measured. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify independently associated factors with changes in each of the selected lipid fractions. Results: the factors independently associated with increased levels of total cholesterol were the presence of sedentary behavior, high body fat percentage, greater waist height and greater waist circumference. The consumption of alcoholic beverages and a higher waist-hip ratio remained independently associated with decreased high-density lipoprotein levels. The increased waist circumference was independently associated with low values of the low-density lipoprotein levels. The value of increased triglyceride was independently associated with higher waist-hip ratio, higher body mass index and smoking. Conclusions: modifiable risk factors associated with a changed lipid profile should be prioritized among the actions to be considered in structuring health programs for the elderly (AU)

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población ha ido acompañado de cambios epidemiológicos de la población brasileña, destacando el crecimiento continuo de la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, especialmente cardiovasculares o de la arteria coronaria, como resultado de los cambios en el perfil lipídico de las personas mayores. Objetivo: describir las variables antropométricas, estilo de vida y composición corporal como factores de comportamiento y su asociación con los cambios en el perfil lipídico de las personas de edad avanzada. Metodología: la muestra incluyó a 402 participantes que asistieron a la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, Viçosa (MG), a los que se aplicó un cuestionario con información socio-demográfica, de comportamiento y de estilo de vida. Se recogió una muestra de sangre para obtener las fracciones de lípidos, y se midió el porcentaje de peso, talla, circunferencia de la cintura y grasa corporal. La regresión lineal múltiple se realizó para identificar factores independientemente asociados con los cambios en cada una de las fracciones de lípidos seleccionados. Resultado: los factores asociados de forma independiente con un aumento de los niveles de colesterol total fueron la presencia de conducta sedentaria, un porcentaje de grasa corporal alto, mayor altura de la cintura y una mayor circunferencia de la cintura. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y una proporción cintura-cadera más alta se mantuvo asociado de forma independiente con la disminución de los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad. El aumento de la circunferencia de la cintura se asoció de forma independiente con valores bajos de los niveles de lipoproteínas de baja densidad. El valor del aumento de triglicéridos se asocia de forma independiente con una mayor relación cintura-cadera, un mayor índice de masa corporal y tabaquismo. Conclusión: los factores de riesgo modificables asociados con un perfil lipídico cambiado deben priorizarse entre las acciones a considerar en la estructuración de los programas de salud para los ancianos (AU)

Anthropometric indicators of obesity as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly / Los indicadores antropométricos de obesidad como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en los ancianos

Background: various anthropometric indicators can be used as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly. Objective: Evaluate the predictive capacity of anthropometric measurements in identifying cardiovascular risk in elderly patients at the Family Health Strategy of Viçosa-MG. Methodology: this was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 349 elderly persons. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the ratio of triglyceride levels with HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) levels. The anthropometric variables measured were waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and conicity index. A biochemical assessment of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol was performed. The anthropometric measurements were also related to cardiovascular risk using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: the observed results suggest that all these anthropometric indexes can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males. However, in females, only BMI showed predictive capacity. The cutoff points identified appeared very close to the cutoffs recommended and recognized in other studies, with the exception of waist circumference measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, which showed a considerable difference. Conclusion: all anthropometric indices can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males and females. Waist circumference at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest was the best anthropometric measure to predict cardiovascular risk in males and smaller waist circumference and waist-height were the best anthropometric measures in females (AU)

Introducción: diversos indicadores antropométricos se pueden utilizar como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en los ancianos. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las medidas antropométricas en la identificación de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes ancianos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de Viçosa-MG. Metodología: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico transversal con 349 ancianos. El riesgo cardiovascular se calculó mediante la relación de los niveles de triglicéridos con niveles de HDL-colesterol (TG / HDL-c). Las variables antropométricas medidas fueron: circunferencia de la cintura, índice de masa corporal, relación cintura-altura e índice de conicidad. Se realizó una evaluación bioquímica de triglicéridos y HDL-colesterol. Las mediciones antropométricas también estaban relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular utilizando la característica (ROC) Curvas Receiver Operating. Resultados: los resultados observados indican que todos estos índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los hombres. Sin embargo, en las mujeres, solo el IMC mostró capacidad predictiva. Los puntos de corte identificados aparecieron muy cerca de los puntos de corte recomendados y reconocidos en otros estudios, con la excepción de la circunferencia de la cintura, que se mide en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca, que mostró una diferencia considerable. Conclusión: todos los índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en hombres y mujeres. La circunferencia de la cintura en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca era la mejor medida antropométrica para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los varones y la circunferencia de cintura más pequeña y cintura-altura fueron las mejores medidas antropométricas en las mujeres (AU)

Anthropometry and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric measures and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with children from public and private schools. Children underwent an anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement and biochemical evaluation of serum for determination of TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. Physical activity level was calculated and number of steps per day obtained using a pedometer for seven consecutive days. SETTING: Viçosa, south-eastern Brazil. SUBJECTS: Boys and girls (n 187), mean age 9·90 (SD 0·7) years. RESULTS: Conicity index, sum of four skinfolds, physical activity level and number of steps per day were accurate in predicting MetS in boys. Anthropometric indicators were accurate in predicting MetS for girls, specifically BMI, waist circumference measured at the narrowest point and at the level of the umbilicus, four skinfold thickness measures evaluated separately, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, the sum of four skinfolds and body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS: The sum of four skinfolds was the most accurate method in predicting MetS in both genders.

Nível de atividade física como preditor de fatores de risco cardiovasculares em crianças / Physical activity level as a predictor of cardiovascular risk factors in children / El nivel de actividad física como un predictor de riesgo cardiovascular en niños

O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do nível de atividade física (NAF), envolvimento em atividade física de moderada a vigorosa intensidade (AFMV) e número de passos/dia para predição dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV) em crianças. Foram mensuradas medidas antropométricas, composição corporal, pressão arterial, glicemia, HDL-c e triacilglicerídeos. NAF e envolvimento em AFMV foram obtidos pelo registro de atividade física e número de passos por pedômetro. Participaram 187 crianças com 9,90 ± 0,7 anos de idade. NAF apresentou área sob a curva ROC significativa para predição da obesidade, alto % de gordura corporal e pressão arterial alterada (PAA) nas meninas. NAF foi acurado em predizer obesidade e síndrome metabólica (SM) e AFMV foi acurada em predizer SM e PAA nos meninos. Meninos que atingiram a recomendação de 13000 passos/dia foram protegidos da SM e baixo HDL-c. Atender as recomendações de envolvimento em AFMV e número de passos protegem crianças dos FRCV.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the physical activity level (PAL), engagement in physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity (MVPA) and number of steps/day as prediction of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in children. We measured anthropometric parameters, body composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, HDL-c and triglycerides. The PAL and engagement in MVPA were obtained using a questionnaire and computing number steps/days with a pedometer. Participants were 187 children, with a mean age of 9.90 (± 0.7) years. The PAL showed a significant area under the ROC curve as a predictir of obesity, high body fat %, and high blood pressure (HBP) in girls. The PAL accurately predicted obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS), and MVPA accurately predicted MS and HBP in boys. Boys who achieved the recommended 13.000 steps/day were protected from MS and low HDL-c. Achieving the recommendations of engagement in MVPA and number of steps were protection against CVRFfactors in children.

En este estudio se evaluó la efectividad del nivel de actividad física (NAF), la participación en la actividad física de intensidad moderada a vigorosa (ATMV) y el número de pasos / día para la predicción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en niños. Medimos las medidas antropométricas, composición corporal, presión arterial, glucemia, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos. NAF y la participación en ATMV se obtuvieron los registros de la actividad física y los pasos podómetro por número. 187 niños participan 9,90 ± 0,7 años. NAF tuvo un área bajo la curva ROC significativa para la predicción de la obesidad, alto% de grasa corporal y la presión arterial enmendada (PAE) en las niñas. NAF fue precisa en la predicción de la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico (SM) y moderada a vigorosa fue precisa en la predicción de SM y PAE en los niños. Los niños que alcanzaron la cantidad recomendada de 13000 pasos /día fueron protegidos de la SM y bajo HDL-c. Alcanzar las recomendaciones de la participación en ATMV y el número de pasos proteger a los niños de los FRCV.

Identificação e perfil de sensibilidade de bactérias em garrotes de uso hospitalar / Identification and sensitivity profile of bacteria on tourniquets used in hospitals

Este estudo teve como principais objetivos constatar a presença de bactérias em garrotes hospitalares e identificar o perfil de sensibilidade delas aos antimicrobianos mais conhecidos e utilizados. O cenário da pesquisa foi três hospitais do município de Ubá-MG e posteriormente, o Laboratório de Microbiologia da Faculdade Presidente Antônio Carlos. Foi coletado um garrote em cada setor hospitalar, somando um total de 15 garrotes. Em análise macroscópica, observou a presença de sangue em 26,66%. De todos os garrotes analisados, houve crescimento bacteriano apenas do gênero Staphylococcus, predominando a espécie Staphylococcus aureus em 57,14% sobre a de Staphylococcus Coagulase Negativo 43,86%. Sendo assim, os garrotes podem servir como veiculo de disseminação para contaminação hospitalar, principalmente na forma de transmissão de microrganismos multirresistentes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of bacteria on rubber tourniquets in hospitals and determine their sensitivity profile to the best-known, routinely used antimicrobials. The material was collected from three hospitals in the city of Ubá (MG, Brazil) and analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of President Antônio Carlos Faculty in Ubá. We collected one tourniquet from each hospital unit, giving a total of 15. Macroscopic inspection showed the presence of blood on 4 specimens (26,66%). Every tourniquet gave rise to bacterial growth of only one genus, Staphylococcus. The species S. aureus (57,14%) predominated over coagulase-negative staphylococci (43,86%). Consequently, the tourniquets may serve as a vehicle for the spreading of infection in the hospital, especially the transmission of multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Comparison of functional autonomy with associated sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, chronic diseases (CD) and neuropsychiatric factors in elderly patients with or without the metabolic syndrome (MS).

The objective of this study was to compare autonomy and its associated factors in the elderly with and without MS. This study was a cross-sectional evaluation comprised of 402 subjects aged 60 years or older, of both sexes, consulting at the Family Health program, in Viçosa/MG. Autonomy was classified according to the Group of Latin American Development to Maturity (GDLAM) protocol and MS according to classification of the International Diabetes Federation. The independent variables were sociodemographic gender, age, marital status, education, those related to lifestyle including levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior, neuropsychological aspects included depressive symptoms, level of cognition and the presence of CD. A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate associations of variables with autonomy in the elderly with or without the MS. In the elderly group without MS, autonomy was associated with increasing age, sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms. In the group of elderly patients with MS, in addition to these factors, autonomy was also associated with being illiterate, not being physically active and presenting chronic illness. It was concluded that the presence of MS worsened the functional autonomy of elderly persons.

Perfil de utilização dos serviços de saúde pelos idosos cadastrados no programa municipal da terceira idade, Viçosa - MG / Profile of health services use by seniors registered on a third-age municipal program, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil de utilização dos serviços de saúde pelos idosos cadastrados no Programa Municipal de Terceira Idade (PMTI), da cidade de Viçosa ? MG. Trata-se de estudo observacional, transversal, com amostragem não probabilística. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Paraverificação das variáveis utilizou-se teste de normalidade com nível de significância de p igual a 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que 60,0% dos idosos realizavam atividade física mais de duas vezes na semana, 76,19% eram hipertensos, 15,24% diabéticos e 50,48% relataram possuir dislipidemia. O perfil de utilização dos serviços de saúde talvezpossa ser atribuído à situação socioeconômica do idoso e/ou da sua família, sendo estabelecidas relações estatísticas positivas de que quanto mais alta a renda, maior a utilização dos serviços privados. Tal fato deve ser considerado na oferta de condições para prevenção de agravos e promoção de envelhecimento saudável.

This study had as its aim to describe the profile of health service use by seniors registered on a Third-Age Municipal Program (TAMP), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is an observational and cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling. Data collection was performed by semi-structured interviews. In order to verify the variables, the normality test was used with a significance level of p=0.05. Results demonstrated that 60.0% of seniors did a physical activity more than twice a week, 76.19% were hypertensive, 15.24% were diabetic, and 50.48% had dyslipidemia. The profile of health services use may be attributed to the socioeconomic situation of the senior and/or their families. Positive statistic relations state that when the income is higher, the use of private services increases. Such fact should be taken into account when offering conditions to prevent losses and health aging promotion.

Different waist circumference measurements and prediction of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of three waist circumference (WC) measurement sites to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Brazilian children. METHODS: 187 children (mean age = 9.9 ± 0.7 years) were evaluated for weight, height, WC at three different sites: midpoint between the lower rib and iliac crest (WC1), umbilicus (WC2), and narrowest waist (WC3). Skinfolds (triceps and subscapular) and blood pressure were also measured. Analyses for triglycerides, HDL-C and glucose were carried out in 141 children. RESULTS: For boys, the most accurate predictor of overweight and obesity (from body mass index, BMI) and low HDL-C levels was WC3, and for high percentage of body fat (from skinfolds) was WC1. For girls, WC2 was the most accurate predictor of MS, and hypertriglyceridemia, and for overweight and obesity, high body fat percentage, and low HDL-C levels, WC3 was the best predictor. WC1 was the most accurate in the prediction of high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Each WC measurement site was accurate in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and MS. However, our results indicate that WC3 was the best predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MS in boys and girls.

Nutritional status and epidemiological profile of elderly people.

We intended to identify and evaluate the association between the socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics of elderly people with their nutritional characteristics. This is a transversal study PMTI (from the Portuguese name of "Programa Municipal da Terceira Idade"), conducted at Viçosa, MG, Brazil. We analyzed 93 records of elderly people registered since 2006 and who underwent nutritional care. After having analyzed the questionnaire, we performed the descriptive and association analyses in the Epi Info (version 6.04) and Minitab softwares. Of the 93 analyzed records, most elderly people were women (80.4%), with an average of 72 years of age, of which 13.0% were long-lived people. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.4 kg/m(2), and 50.5% were overweight. We have found 26.8% elderly patients with hypertension, and 31.6% took antihypertensives. Elderly patients who were overweight are 4.54 times more likely to have arterial hypertension (odds ratio (OR)=4.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-2.45). Only 7.5% smoked, 30.1% were alcoholics and 60.2% made physical activities. Inadequacies were found regarding the servings of fruits, dairy products, vegetables and sugars consumed. However, the servings of cereals, leguminous, meat and fat consumed were appropriate. This study showed that the nutritional diagnosis and the epidemiological and socio-demographic studies are critical tools to understand this population group, in addition to being important to the planning of health actions.

Análise do perfil sociossanitário de idosos: a importância do Programa de Saúde da Família / Analysis of the social and health profile of the elderly: the relevance of the Family Health Program

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as características sociossanitárias dos idosos de Teixeiras-MG, tendo como referência a organização territorial, no contexto do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), visando a auxiliar a compreensão das demandas, necessidades e estruturação sociossanitária da população idosa. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, sendo aplicado um questionário especificamente criado para este estudo, que coletou informações sociossanitárias de 211 idosos residentes no município de Teixeiras. Quanto ao perfil sociossanitário, os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos idosos recebe apoio emocional familiar, possui vínculo conjugal, reside em moradia própria, é de baixa escolaridade e de baixa renda, pratica atividades físicas, é portadora de comorbidades, não fuma, não ingere bebidas alcoólicas, necessita de cuidados à saúde (consultas e medicamentos) e não possui plano de saúde privado. Nesse sentido, há que se pensar em como promover a saúde da população idosa, buscando-se prevenir os agravos à saúde, afastar as causas evitáveis de morbidades e mortalidade, proporcionando-lhe condições para um envelhecimento saudável e ativo.

This study aim was to analyze the social and health characteristics of the elderly in Teixeiras-MG, having as reference the territorial organization, in the context of the Family Health Program (FHP) / Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), with the purpose of helping to understand the social and health demands, needs and structure of the elderly population. A cross-sectional study was carried out, applying a questionnaire specifically created for the study, which collected social and health information of 211 elderly people living in the Teixeiras municipality. Regarding the social and health profile, the results show that most elderly receive family emotional support, are married, homeowners, have low education level and low income, have physical activities, have comorbidities, do not smoke, do not drink alcoholic beverages, need health care (consultations and medication) and do not have private health plans. Therefore, it must be thought how to promote the elderly population health, seeking to prevent health damage, remove possible morbidity and mortality causes, providing conditions for healthy and active ageing.

Body fat assessment by bioelectrical impedance and its correlation with different anatomical sites used in the measurement of waist circumference in children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the different anatomical sites used in the measurement of waist circumference, as well as the effectiveness of these landmarks to predict the percentage of body fat by tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis. METHODS: We evaluated 205 children from 6 to 9 years of age of both sexes. Data on weight, height and waist circumference were collected at three different sites: at the lower abdominal curvature, above the navel and at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest. Nutritional status was assessed through the body mass index (BMI)/age as recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The sample was considered homogeneous in terms of sex, and the mean age was 7.2+/-1.2 years. Regarding nutritional status, 6.3% of the children had low weight, 75.1% were eutrophic, 7.3% were overweight, and 11.2% were obese. Among males, there was no statistical difference between the different sites of measurement; in females, the measurement above the navel was statistically higher. In the correlation analysis, the midpoint measurement showed the best correlation with percentage of body fat, with values of 0.50 in boys and 0.62 in girls. CONCLUSION: Waist circumference measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest presented the best correlation with percentage of body fat.

Avaliação de gordura corporal pela bioimpedância elétrica e sua correlação com diferentes pontos anatômicos de medida da circunferência da cintura em crianças / Body fat assessment by bioelectrical impedance and its correlation with different anatomical sites used in the measurement of waist circumference in children

OBJETIVO: Comparar os diferentes pontos anatômicos de medida da circunferência da cintura, bem como a eficácia desses locais em predizer o percentual de gordura corporal mensurado pela bioimpedância elétrica tetrapolar. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 205 crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade de ambos os sexos. Foram coletados dados de peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura em três locais diferentes: na menor curvatura abdominal, sobre a cicatriz umbilical e no ponto médio entre a última costela e crista ilíaca. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi realizada a partir do índice de massa corporal/idade recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo houve homogeneidade entre os sexos, e a idade média foi de 7,2±1,2 anos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, 6,3 por cento das crianças apresentaram baixo peso, 75,1 por cento eram eutróficas, 7,3 por cento apresentaram sobrepeso e 11,2 por cento obesidade. No sexo masculino não houve diferença estatística entre os diferentes locais de medida. No feminino, a medida sobre a cicatriz umbilical foi estatisticamente maior. Na análise de correlação, a circunferência medida no ponto médio foi a que obteve melhor correlação com o percentual de gordura corporal, com valores de 0,50 nos meninos e 0,62 nas meninas. CONCLUSÃO: A circunferência da cintura medida no ponto médio entre a crista ilíaca e ultima costela foi a que apresentou melhor correlação com o percentual de gordura corporal.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the different anatomical sites used in the measurement of waist circumference, as well as the effectiveness of these landmarks to predict the percentage of body fat by tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis. METHODS: We evaluated 205 children from 6 to 9 years of age of both sexes. Data on weight, height and waist circumference were collected at three different sites: at the lower abdominal curvature, above the navel and at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest. Nutritional status was assessed through the body mass index (BMI)/age as recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The sample was considered homogeneous in terms of sex, and the mean age was 7.2±1.2 years. Regarding nutritional status, 6.3 percent of the children had low weight, 75.1 percent were eutrophic, 7.3 percent were overweight, and 11.2 percent were obese. Among males, there was no statistical difference between the different sites of measurement; in females, the measurement above the navel was statistically higher. In the correlation analysis, the midpoint measurement showed the best correlation with percentage of body fat, with values of 0.50 in boys and 0.62 in girls. CONCLUSION: Waist circumference measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest presented the best correlation with percentage of body fat.

[Identification of the area of influence of the public basic health care delivery to the elderly population in Viçosa-MG]. / Identificação da área de influência do serviço de atenção básica do sistema público de saúde à população idosa, município de Viçosa-MG.

This study aimed to describe the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the elderly population, identify the area of influence of basic care in relation to the area of residence of the elderly and the rate of service use, as well as to map the demand according to the geographic location of the Basic Care Unit. The sample comprised 6,964 male and female subjects aged 60 years or more, who sought any of the outpatient public health services between May 2003 and April 2004. From this total, 64.1% were women and 35.9% men. The results show that cardiovascular diseases account for the greater part of medical consultations in the health system, with a mean of 3,576 consultations per year per elderly. Geographic mapping showed the demand for medical consultations in determinate basic care units to be related with the medical specialty available at these units. These results allow identifying the neighborhoods with the highest concentrations of specific diseases, indicating the need for insertion/redistribution of professionals between the basic care units in order to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

Inadequação no consumo alimentar e fatores interferentes na ingestão energética de idosos matriculados no Programa Municipal da Terceira Idade de Viçosa (MG) / Food consumption inadequacy and interfering factors in energy intake of the elderly enrolled in the city of Viçosas (MG) Third Age Program

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo alimentar de idosos matriculados no Programa Municipal da Terceira Idade (PMTI) de Viçosa (MG) e os possíveis fatores que interferem negativamente sobre o mesmo. Para avaliar o consumo alimentar, utilizou-se a média obtida a partir da soma do consumo encontrado entre o recordatório de 24 horas e o questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFCA-s). Foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar as variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde. A ingestão de energia e proteína ficou abaixo da necessidade estimada para 94,2por cento e 79,3por cento dos idosos. Verificou-se elevada inadequação no consumo de vitaminas (vitamina C, A, B1, B2 e B6). O consumo mediano de cálcio foi cerca de 1/3 do valor recomendado. A prevalência de inadequação de ferro foi baixa entre os idosos. Os fatores, baixa renda, morar sozinho ou com três gerações, edentulismo, uso de medicamentos e sedentarismo interferiram negativamente no consumo de energia (p menor que 0,05). A ingestão de proteínas foi afetada negativamente pelo edentulismo e sedentarismo. Os resultados mostram uma ingestão alimentar deficiente em vários nutrientes, sugerindo a necessidade de implementação de ações de assistência social e educacional para melhorar o quadro nutricional deste grupo.